Props is a fascinating field, yet rarely is it one in which you will become famous. It is an area that always challenges your creativity and ingenuity, whether working for a community theatre group or on a Hollywood epic. Many props are made using variations of a few basic techniques so I have included class outlines from my first and second year classes.
The Property Man --- i.e., the man who looks after the chairs and tables and things moveable by hand, and who manufactures the sheep,fish,carrots, and huge chamber-candlesticks used in the pantomime --- is a mysterious mechanic, whose habits are unclean, predatory, and mendacious. His complection is a singular compound of the perspiration of the Midsummer before last with the dust of the preceding Christmas. Dust rests upon his eyelashes as moss rests upon the boughs of an old tree. If ever he wash himself --- which is doubtful, save on his wedding day --- his ablutions are made in the glue-pot. He is so sticky that, were he to lean against a wall, portions of his garments would adhere to it when he summoned up sufficient energy to walk away. Why does this gifted getter-up of gnomes, salamanders, dragons' heads,and fairies'wings abjure cold water and ignore all crystal streams, save the pantomime fountains framed of wire, blue gauze, white Dutch metal, and spangles? Would his fingers lose their cunning if occasionally polluted by the use of soap? his tongue its power of ready excuse, or his brain its inventive faculty, if fluid touched his external man? The cause of this dramatico-mechanico-hydrophobia is inexplicable, and ever must remain a mystery, to be solved only by a treacherous member of the craft, who, converted to cleanliness by a Turkish bath, shall renounce the property-room and divulge its secrets. The Property Man has the same peculiarity as the oldest inhabitant --- he never remembers anything; nor will he, no matter how familiar the object, confess that he has ever seen a specimen, or that it is procurable, save by the expense of large quantities of money, time, difficulty, and danger. "Grimes!" calls the Stage Manager.
Grimes is very often absent, not in mind, but in body; but an active call-boy, knowing Grimes haunts, fetches him from the tap, where he had been rendering himself more adhesive with half a pint of treacly beer. "Grimes," says the Stage Manager; very authoritatively if he be ignorant of his calling, but rather kindly if he have some perception of it. "Yes,Sir!" answers Grimes, with respect or deference; for it is part of the Property Man's instincts to be too deferential and respectful. "We shall use the red furniture for this farce."
A few years later, I must have been eight, my mother left me for perhaps 15 minutes, while she went to the corner store for something. I took down the mantel clock, a wedding gift, and began to explore how it worked. Eventually, of course, I undid the screw that released the mainspring. It was at this point that my mother discovered me; surrounded by all those wonderful pieces, shiny gears, leather tipped hammers, curiously shaped pawls and the gyroscopic balance wheel! I learned an awful lot of stuff being in the Boy Scouts, where I spent a total of twenty-two years, from being a Wolf Cub through Scouts, Senior Scouts and then becoming a Leader. The Troop I was with in England took great pride both in maintaining the principles of Scouting and in being the most efficient camping and rope-bridge building Troop in the county. We did a lot of hiking and held a week long camp each summer. As the number of Seniors increased we did lots of weekend camps or overnights. One of my most memorable trips was a week long hiking tour of North Wales, climbing Snowdon, having our campsite washed out by a flash flood coming down off the mountain, being lost on the moors south of Aber, sleeping one night in a barn on bales of hay that wanted to entrap us, taking a shower in a waterfall. I learned knots that I could trust my life to, first aid and home nursing that I could depend on, camp cooking that was palatable. I learned to be resourceful, inventive, dependable and responsible. We built our own HQ of concrete and brick (my father, a contracting foreman, acted as consultant but we did the work ourselves) On getting to Canada the Troop I connected with as a leader was very much into canoeing so I learned fast in the attempt to stay at least one step ahead of the boys I was teaching! Parallel to Scouting I was in the Air Cadets at school learning military discipline, firearms, signalling and, eventually, I won a scholarship that paid for flying lessons to obtain my private licence. I continued into the Royal Air Force (2 years conscription) where I learned electronics for air and ground radar. I also learned that the military life was not for me even though they kept on at me to sign on (I was good at what I did). From this point I basically continued my education by changing jobs. After the Air Force I worked briefly for I.C.I Plastics Division operating an Infra-red Spectrograph. Then I went as a laboratory assistant in research for the British-American Tobacco Company (two years)doing work on the filtration of tobacco aerosols (which is what smoke is). It was at this point that I emigrated to Canada. My first job here was in Kingston, Ontario with Alcan Research Labs in the Physics department (seven years). I was responsible for quality control checks on the conductivity of the transmission wire Alcan was producing. We did some work on the cause and cure of corona in high voltage transmission (standing on the safe side of a grounded cage only 18 inches from a wire carrying 250,000 volts!) I became a certified Industrial Radiographer. I assisted in the development of several non-destructive testing tecniques for the manufacturing plant. Following that I moved to Wawa to work with the Algoma Ore Division of Algoma Steel for five years. Wawa mined and smelted the ore sent to the furnaces in Sault Ste Marie. My work was in the control instrumentation are that kept things running smoothly. This included conveyor belt speed control, conveyor weigh bridges, furnace temperature controls, ore depth controls in hoppers and so on. I then came to Halifax, Nova Scotia. I was unemployed during the first winter but my wife got a part in a play at Pier One Theatre and as I was driving her to rehearsals and waiting around the director suggested I run the lights for the show. This led to me being the TD for the next two years!! When the funding ran out I went back to electronics, scraping through the test at the Dockyard! After six weeks I was so bored! So, when the TD of the Dal Theatre Department called me at home one night to offer me the job as Props Master it took only moments for me to look at my wife, (who said "Go for it!") and accept. That was in October 1974 and 100-plus shows, and hundreds of students later, I'm still here. It was here that I taught myself fine furniture making and wood turning. I make the models of Peter Perina's set designs that are displayed at the Prague Quadrenniele. I've taken classes in pewter hollow ware and pottery. I will retire in 2001 which will finally give me time to get to all the ideas in my sketch book!
The Property Man
From Tom (TW) Robertson�s series of articles in �Illustrated Times�, London, 1864. Quoted in "A Source Book in Theatrical History" by A. M. Nagler
Yes,Sir!"
"Tables, chairs, sofas and all that, you know. And then there's breakfast things, and -- and that's all. No --- by-the-way, there's a cat wanted."
"A what, Sir?"
"A cat."
"A cat, Sir!" echoes Grimes, as if the word were as strange to him as unicorn, phoenix, or ichthyosaurus.
"Yes. Should be a tortoiseshell."
"Taught us who, Sir?"
"Yes, tortoiseshell cat, I say."
The eyes of Grimes wander over the footlights into the empty pit, inhabited by the dust, orange-peels, mice, and fleas. After a pause he looks into the face of the Stage Manager and says,
"Where am I to get one, Sir?"
"Get what?"
"A -- a cat, Sir?"
"A cat! Anywhere."
Anywhere, Sir?"
Repetition is one of the principal weapons in the Grimes armoury.
"Yes, anywhere," says the Stage Manager. "Cats are plenty, are they not?"
"They may ha' been, Sir, some years ago; but I hardly never seen one lately," is the reply.
brMy Background
I am often asked where I trained for this job and most people assume that, because I teach at a university, I must have come that route myself.
However my training has been, to quote a former department chair, rather more organic. I have always been interested in the how of things and fascinated by the engineering marvels of nature. A couple of childhood stories illustrate this. At five I found the spiders known as "daddy long legs" in our garden. The central spheroid mounted on long legs that went up before going down seemed an ideal design to me, although I could not have articulated that notion at the time. So, naturally, I wanted to share my new found discovery with my mother and filled my pocket as best as possible with lots of them, (they were not cooperative at all...a point in their favour as far as I was concerned!) My mother had a few friends over for afternoon tea when in I marched with these wonderful spiders all over me. I just could not understand the consternation this caused nor why mummy rushed me back to the garden and routed the spiders by attacking them with a duster!
My mother was the greatest. She had three boys, no girls, yet (and we're talking 40's and 50's here) she began to teach us all, as we reached the age of eight, to cook, knit and sew and take care of our own clothes. She had an old Singer treadle machine (I finally motorised it in my last year of school) that, in the days of the war and then rationing, she did wonders of reusing and recycling. She also scraped together enough money to give me piano lessons for seven years!

Breakaway Candy Glass
This recipe was given to me by a manager at Moirs Chocolate Company, located in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. It has worked well for me over the years. One suggestion that I have received but not yet tried out is to add a small quantity of cream of tartar.
Use a 70/30 mixture of sugar and corn syrup (the volume will depend on your requirements), then add 20% water. Heat slowly until the sugar is dissolved then boil to 280 deg F/138 deg C (the soft crack stage). For more accurate control of the temperature I have used an oil bath (SAE#20 or etc.). This prevents scorching the sugar, which is OK for beer bottles but not for window panes! Safer, too, when one is doing several things at the same time, as occasionally happens in theatre!!
Flexible Molding Compound
There is often a need for flexible molds in prop making but most of those available on the market are either expensive or not reusable or, in some cases, both. This compound, handed on to me many years ago, is relatively cheap and can be melted down for reuse It originally called for gelatin, which old time furniture finishers used to use to reproduce woodgrains. In trying to locate a bulk source I was asked questions like:"What s.g. do you want? What bloom?" When I confessed that I had no idea, the person I was talking to inquired about what I needed it for. When I explained he said "You don't need gelatin. Animal, or hide, glue is the same stuff except that it isn't made under hygenic conditions. Therefore it's much cheaper!" (Once I told this story to a class and a student turned green. Turned out she was a vegan but used a lot of gelatin believing it to be a vegetable product!)
In a double boiler heat equal parts, by weight, of animal glue, automobile antifreeze and water. There is some variation between brands and types of antifreeze, for instance the stuff used in our building' s heating coils has a much lower viscosity, so the amounts might need to be adjusted. The end product, when cold, should be firm to the touch and not tear easily when flexed.
The animal glue (later called protein colloid) I use used to come from Swift's Adhesives. They were bought by Reichhold who sold the 'protein colloid' business to International Protein Colloids Inc. St. Joseph MO 64501, Phone 816-364-0036, fax 816-364-0121.(AG 4090, 50# bag)
This compound has some drawbacks. Anything affected by the heat needs to be done by another method. I once did a whole range of fruits and vegetables..carrots, potatoes, apples and even oranges were OK but tomatoes, peppers and cucumbers were not!! Secondly the material is water soluble so very detailed molds will erode doing multiple plastercasts. Greasy parting agents will help, as long as they don't obscure the detail.
Blood Recipes
Remember that not all blood is bright red! That is arterial blood. Venal blood is a darker red while blood from the stomach can be brown. If you are new to blood effects do some research on how it behaves and the changes that occur over time (talk to personnel who work in emergency, or your local emergency measures organisation might have a specialist in wound makeup.)
Tips and Techniques

Accidents - My own or known to me.
Dalhousie University Theatre Department has not had any student accidents that have resulted in permanent injury in the 25 years I have worked here. The following accidents could have been more serious than they were.

Book/Video List - Props related
Of course, "props related" is wide ranging due to the nature of prop making!
Creativity and Personal Development
Design and Ornament
Mask Making
Mold making & Casting
General Prop Making
Wood Turning
Creativity and Personal Development